Distributed Control Systems (DCS): • Used to control complex and continuous processes in refineries, gas processing units, central processing plants (CPF/GPP), distillation units, hydrogenation units, and other facilities. • Provides comprehensive monitoring, centralized control, and alarm management. Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs): • Used to control discrete processes, individual machines, or sequencing processes. • Found in pumping stations, filling units, emergency shutdown systems (ESDs), fire suppression systems, and material handling. Emergency Shutdown Systems (ESDs) / Safety Instrumented Systems (SISs): • Critical systems designed to safely shut down processes under hazardous conditions to prevent major accidents. • Separate from DCS systems to ensure safety independence.